Design and Build Contract in Project

Design and Build Contract in Project The term ‘procurement route considers all the activities undertaken by the client or clients representative, whether this is a sole decision or a decision made with the help of other parties, such as the various consultants or in some cases even the contractor, towards the goal of developing a construction project that the client is ultimately happy with.   There are various procurement routes, which can be categorized into three main procurement route contracts, a Traditional contract, a Design and Build contract, and a Management contract. A Traditional contract benefits in cost and quality, but at the expense of time.   It is not the fastest of methods, and with this procurement route it is desirable to have all the information at tender stage.   It is basically straightforward, but complications can arise if the client requires that certain sub-contractors are used.   With this procurement route the client requires certain standards to be shown or described, but the client is wholly responsible for achieving the stated quality on site, and controls the design and variations to a large extent.   It has certainty in cost and time before commitment to build, and requires clear accountability and cost monitoring at all stages.   Competitive tenders are possible for all items.   The risk is generally fair and balanced between all the parties.   (CLAMP, Hugh, COX, Stanley LUPTON, Sarah, 2003) A Design and Build contract benefits in cost and time, but at the expense of quality.   It is a relatively fast method. The pre-tender time largely depends on the amount of detail in the clients requirements, but the construction time can be reduced because the design and building phases proceed in parallel.   With this procurement route the client has no direct control over the contractors performance, has little say in the choice of specialist sub-contractors, and has virtually no flexibility once the contract is signed.   It has a guaranteed cost and completion date.   The risk with this procurement route lies almost entirely with the contractor. (CLAMP, Hugh, COX, Stanley LUPTON, Sarah, 2003) A Management contract benefits in time and quality, but at the expense of cost.   An early start on site is possible with this procurement route, long before tenders have been invited for some of the works packages.   It involves a complex management operation requiring sophisticated techniques.   The managing contractor is responsible for quality of work and materials on site and can easily adjust the programme and costs, meaning the client can also easily modify or develop design requirements during construction.   With this procurement route the client is committed to start building on only a cost plan, project drawings and a specification.   The risk lies mainly with the client in this method of procurement. (CLAMP, Hugh, COX, Stanley LUPTON, Sarah, 2003) For the purpose of this project we propose to use a Design and Build contract.   We have made this decision based on the project requiring cost and time to be prioritized, a guaranteed completion date being essential to minimise down time, and the benefit of having the responsibility of risk being taken away from the client. Tender Process Tendering is the name given to the process or procedure that is used to obtain offers leading to a contract between two parties.   The two main types of tender process are single stage tendering and two-stage tendering. Single stage tendering is suitable for small simple projects, where the key issues are speed and cost assurity.   It is considered by clients because of a need for greater cost certainty during the design and construction phases, the need for a well documented, fixed-price contract, the benefit from the discipline of completing the design before a contractor appointment takes place, and the use of commercial pressure to secure cost reductions for projects that might otherwise be unviable.   A single stage tendering process however offers limited scope for a team to develop a shared objective or for a contractor to contribute to design development, and changes introduced by the design team will undermine the certainty achieved with a lump sum tender. A two-stage tendering process is particularly suitable for large or complex projects, where a key factor is the close collaboration between the contractor and client, particularly during the design phase, as the contractor will endeavour to find the best solution for the project in terms of cost programme and design.   A two-stage tendering process is considered by clients because of its second stage being based on more complete information and therefore the contractor having a better understanding of the scope of works, which in turn should help obtain a final account that is closer to the contract sum, the ability to continue the development of the design during the second stage of the tender in conjunction with the main contractor and specialist sub contractors, and because it helps promote a specific focus on issues of buildability and economic construction during the later stages of design.   However the cost of second stage tenders tend to be higher because of negotiation p remiums and the inclusion of additional risk transfers, and not exceeding the cost and completion date are not binding prior to the finalisation of the contract. In two-stage tendering, like single stage tendering, the first stage is a competitive tender and it is usual to base these on the tenderers track records, preliminaries, overheads, an outline programme and the contractors pricing documents in relation to the preliminary design information.   Unlike a single stage tender, the first stage ends not with a contract being awarded but with the selection of a contractor for the second phase, in which the level of pricing provided in the first stage of the tender is used to open negotiations to produce a firmer price based on the drawings, bills of quantities and any other relevant documents that reflect the completed design. For the purposes of this project we propose to use a single stage tendering process.   We have made this decision based on the need for speed and cost assurity on the project, with the two key issues being time and cost. As early as possible during the design process we will propose a list of suitable contractors obtained from an electronic database containing a list of approved contractors.   The main criteria for selecting contractors for the initial tender list will include adequacy of available resources, adequacy of technical and management structure, financial stability and insurance cover, health and safety record, quality of work and adequacy of quality control, and performance record. We propose to issue preliminary enquiries to each contractor on the initial tender list 4-6 weeks before the tender documents are due to be issued, including a project information schedule and a questionnaire.   This will determine whether each contractor is both suited to the project and willing to submit a tender.   The contractors will be given 10 days from its original dispatch to return the completed questionnaire.    Once a short list of tenderers has been agreed and the tender documents are ready for release, they will be sent to the tenderers along with a Form of Invitation to Tender and a Form of Tender.   The latest time and date for submission of the tender will be included on both the Invitation to Tender and the Form of Tender, and will state that they are to remain open for acceptance for a period of 28 days from the bid submission date. When the tender return forms are received, the ones which are returned by the closing date will be analysed and a summary report will be written and sent to the client, and those which are returned after the closing date will remain unopened and be sent back to the sender.   As project managers we will offer advice upon the choice of appointed contractor, if the client requests so.   When we have received confirmation from the client regarding the chosen contractor we will notify them that they have won the work, and notify the unsuccessful tenderers that they have not. On Site Strategy Prior to work commencing on-site we propose to call a pre-start meeting, where the programme of works will be discussed and a letter of intent will be issued to the client.   When the contractor begins work on site we propose to take a monitoring roll.   On the first day of the work commencing on-site, as contract administrators, we will meet with the contractor and discuss site security, access, welfare facilities, deliveries and storage, and notify them of the time and date that snagging will be carried out. We propose to commence snagging 6 hours before the end of the construction phase, in order to give the contractor time to rectify any issues raised during the snagging process.   The snagging process will assess the quality of the work, the workmanship, and ensure all of the work complies with the clients specification.   We propose, as the contract administrators, to write the snagging list in conjunction with the foreman on site due to time constraints, of which a copy will be left with the foreman on site so that they can rectify any snags prior to the completion of the construction works. We propose to commence de-snagging once the contractor has informed us, as the contract administrators, that the construction work has been completed.   At this point, acting as the contract administrators, we will issue a certificate of practical completion and initialize the defects liability period, as determined in the contract.  Ã‚  Ã‚   References CLAMP, Hugh, COX, Stanley LUPTON, Sarah. (2003). Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract. 4th ed., London, RIBA Enterprises Ltd. Bibliography CHAPPELL, David. (2006). Construction Contracts, Questions Answers. Oxford, Taylor Francis. CHAPPELL, David. (2006). Contractual Correspondence for Architects Project Managers. 4th ed., Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. LUPTON, Sarah. (ed.) (2001). Architects Handbook Practice Management. 7th ed., London, R.I.B.A. Publications. LUPTON, Sarah. (ed.) (2000). Architects Job Book. 7th ed., London, R.I.B.A. Publications. ROY, Morledge, SMITH, Adrian KASHIWAGI, Dean T. (2006). Building Procurement. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. MURDOCH, John HUGHES, Will. (2008). Construction Contracts, Law and Management. 4th ed., Oxon, Taylor Francis.

life and career :: essays research papers

Life and Career The known facts of Chaucer's life are fragmentary and are based almost entirely on official records. He was born in London between 1340 and 1344, the son of John Chaucer, a vintner. In 1357 he was a page in the household of Prince Lionel, later duke of Clarence, whom he served for many years. In 1359–60 he was with the army of Edward III in France, where he was captured by the French but ransomed. By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen. During the years 1370 to 1378, Chaucer was frequently employed on diplomatic missions to the Continent, visiting Italy in 1372–73 and in 1378. From 1374 on he held a number of official positions, among them comptroller of customs on furs, skins, and hides for the port of London (1374–86) and clerk of the king's works (1389–91). The official date of Chaucer's death is Oct. 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0857256.html Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, the son of a successful wine merchant. After probably spending many of his childhood days in London's Vintry, his father did not send him to apprenticeship school, but rather to the aristocratic house of the countess of Ulster. There he trained as a page and learned the mannerisms and skills of the ruling class. He continued to be engaged in English politics, serving people such as King Edward III and the county of Kent. He was involved in many diplomatic assignments to Spain, France and Italy. Works by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch affected much of Chaucer's writings. In addition to these famous writers, Chaucer was influenced by other French, Italian, and Latin writers as well as philosophy, comedy, religion, astrology and other sciences. Chaucer used a variety of genres, styles, tones, and subject matters in this poems and his prose. He addressed

A Necessary Evil Essay

After listening to people in various careers, I’ve found that the most abused and underrated professions are those connected with public service. People who work in law enforcement, fire prevention, medicine and education are underpaid, overworked, and taken for granted. Without the benefit of these professionals we would be less likely to live our lives with relative safety, the benefit of education and the good health most of us possess. However, when it comes to salaries, working conditions and public support for the people in these fields, very little is given without long, com- plicated labor disputes. Many people would deny even the chance for them to take a stand for the rights they deserve for fear their walkout would endanger the public welfare. I agree that when people in these professions call for a strike hospitals go haywire, criminals are freer to roam and kids miss important weeks of class work. But striking may be the only way for these people to draw attention to their low wages, poor working conditions and lack of public support; and they should have the right to do so. Low wages are obviously the priority issue discussed when contracts are up for renewal and one of the basic reasons for calling a strike. Even though most union officials often seem to go overboard in their demands, it may be a necessary tactic used to wake up the administrators who never want to give even the basic cost-of-living raise. While teachers and nurses are called â€Å"professionals† and spend years of time and money to train for these positions, when it comes to dollars and cents, their paychecks never come close to what other professionals receive. Police and firemen leave their houses every day unsure they’ll make it home uninjured – if they make it back at all – but their salaries hardly reflect the risk they take to chase criminals or fight fires. Money, however, is only one of the major issues public workers take with them to the bargaining table. Working conditions, especially for medical support personnel and educators, are always a reason for voting to strike when demands are not met during contract discussions For example, many teachers spend a great deal of time in old school buildings (full of flaking asbestos) with inefficient heating systems creating a rather frigid atmosphere for learning. Children sit in classrooms dressed in coats, hats and gloves reading textbooks dating back to the 1960’s. From their vantage point, teachers notice the peeling paint, broken chairs and children with problems they can’t begin to tackle. Obviously, without the proper tools with which to teach in an atmosphere of decay or the proper placement for children needing individual attention, the job of teaching becomes frustrating and even futile, and creates a growing apathy towards the children and the profession in general. Another example is the nurse or nursing assistant who has just completed a twelve hour shift and has been told she must stay through the next because so and so called in sick. According to a close friend who is an L.P.N., this kind of request is nothing unusual and refusal to work the extra time can cause stomach ulcers quicker than if she stays and works without protest. The guy who scrubs the hospital corridors works under better conditions; and while sanitation is important in a hospital, he’ll never have to read bottles of medication or cardiac monitors through half-shut eyes. Lack of public support is another factor forcing these professionals to strike. So taken for granted are our public service workers that many of them receive far more complaints than compliments for their daily work. A fire fighter called in the middle of the night with only moments notice is on his way to save a burning building. Reaching his destination, he grabs an ax and breaks a window to gain entrance to the property and put out the fire. Two days later the fire company receives a nasty letter complaining about the broken window. Lack of support for the police officer may even be felt from within the law enforcement system. The policeman who arrests a person for robbery or rape is constantly faced with the court’s decision to let the offender out on bail or completely free to repeat the crime for which he was originally arrested. Again, frustration and apathy are sure to give way to poor self-esteem and a growing desperation caused by lack of caring and support by the public. People who teach, work to make our environment safe and those who help to keep us healthy are our support personnel. Although they are trained professionals working to make our lives richer, we take them for granted and leave them little choice but to let us know what life would be like if they were not here at all.

Essay on Hip-hop, Reggae, and Politics - 5105 Words

Hip-hop, Reggae, and Politics Introduction Music is an art form and source of power. Many forms of music reflect culture and society, as well as, containing political content and social message. Music as social change has been highlighted throughout the 20th century. In the 1960s the United States saw political and socially oriented folk music discussing the Vietnam War and other social issues. In Jamaica during the 1970s and 1980s reggae developed out of the Ghetto’s of Trench town and expressed the social unrest of the poor and the need to over-through the oppressors. The 1980’s brought the newest development in social and political music, the emergence of hip-hop and rap. This urban musical art form that was developed in New†¦show more content†¦This paper is an analysis of the political and social aspects of hip-hop and reggae, as well as, addressing the commonalities of the music itself as they have developed and changed over time. This analysis produces the holistic view reflecting the interc onnectedness of these two genres of music. Reggae’s Influence on hip-hop Reggae music had a direct impact on the development of hip-hop music. Both styles of music emerged from the dancehall, with lyrics containing social and political message. â€Å"Reggae started as ‘sufferah’s’ music in poor Jamaican villages. Inside gritty dancehalls, selectors spun scratchy sides, called ‘specials,’ and MC’s boasted, talked nonsense and criticized political, cultural and economic oppression† (Havlock). Reggae emerged out of the island culture of Jamaica and the â€Å"poor man’s party,† while hip-hop music emerged in New York City, specifically the Bronx, in the early 1970s. DJ Kool Herc is credited as one, if not the originator, of hip-hop. Kool Herc brought his Caribbean style when emigrated from Jamaica in 1967. He began this new musical journey with the desire to bring the powerful Jamaican Dancehall sound system to play music at parties and in the streets. In 1973 he had created his own sound systemShow MoreRelatedHistory of Jamaican Music1268 Words   |  6 Pageslater by English colonists. (Megan, R.) Jamaicans possess a musical heritage that comes from their African and European roots. Reggae music is Jamaica’s best sound. These thumping sounds are rich and infectious and encompass expression of private freedom, independence, religion, and gossip. Jamaica’s most well-known is Bob Marley whose influence helped bring Reggae music in to the Jamaican main stream. (Cultural Attraction Tour in American (2010).) Jamaicans also are proud of their artistic styleRead MoreThe Golden Era Of Hip Hop Was A Period In The 80S And Early1014 Words   |  5 Pages The Golden Era of Hip Hop was a period in the 80s and early 90s characterized by its diversity, innovation, and cultural influence. Hip Hop is considered to have been born in 1973, in South Bronx, New York by Jamaican-born Kool DJ Herc (Blanchard, B, 1999). He used a turntable technique at a Halloween party, which eventually became extremely popular at every party scene. The term â€Å"breakdancing† came to life shortly after. Rhymes over hip hop music, also known as rap, began first as a commentaryRead More Discontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop5489 Words   |  22 PagesDiscontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop In cultures all over the world, music can be seen encompassing many aspects of life for many individuals. It is a form of mass communication thatspeaks directly to society as a cultural form, and often reflects a collection and pattern of personal experiences (King 19). Music is so influential because it communicates on three different levels: the physical, emotional, and cognitive. Not only does it operate in a nondiscursive way, byRead MoreHow Hip Hop Is Affecting The Youth1540 Words   |  7 PagesJoaquin Hamm-Mclymont Professor Theard AFA 4370 March 24, 2015 How hip hop is affecting the youth When it comes to hip hop music and hip hop culture all together, it can have many influences on people who like the culture of hip hop. His may be from the clothes that are worn and even the lyrics a specific hip hop artist says in his or her music. But one group of people, in my opinion, that hip hop culture influences the most is the youth. Now see the youth are at the age where they look forRead MoreThe Golden Era of East Coast Hip-Hop2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe Golden era of east coast hip-hop This piece will demonstrate an understanding of the golden era of East coast hip-hop, from 1986 to 1993, focusing and analysing the historical roots, influences and inspirational individuals, giving reference to musical examples that shaped East coast hip-hop. Attention will also be centred on the legacy left, concentrating on the music that was influenced as well as the resulting change in fashion and political views. Historical roots influence TheRead MoreMusic And Culture Of Los Angeles2131 Words   |  9 Pagesfor â€Å"the Aztec god of dance who is represented as a monkey figure in the famous Aztec Sun Stone† (â€Å"The Battle of Los Angeles† 725). This band plays a variety and mixture of genres, from â€Å"classic to modern Latino, urban, hip-hop and other world styles† including salsa, jazz, reggae, and funk. (ozomatli.com). Since its emergence in 1995, Ozomatli has released seven studio albums and is currently working on another album that emphasizes the band’s Latin roots. Although their music is not mainstream,Read More Hip Hops Effect on American Culture Essay3346 Words   |  14 Pages Hip hop has permeated popular culture in an unprecedented fashion. Because of its crossover appeal, it is a great unifier of diverse populations. Although created by black youth on the streets, hip hops influence has become well received by a number of different races in this country. A large numbe r of the rap and hip hop audience is non-black. It has gone from the fringes, to the suburbs, and into the corporate boardrooms. Because it has become the fastest growing music genre in the U.S.,Read MoreMusic Industry And Its Influence On Modern Society1034 Words   |  5 Pagestogetherness as time progressed, but in reality, this was just a new form of cultural appropriation and subjugation. Despite the musical politics in regards to control, black expression has voiced itself in the past century. The innovations of jazz and gospel music paved the way for soul, funk, disco, and rhythm blues and then expanded that pathway for rap and hip-hop in the later half of the century. Various innovations such as 12 bar blues and beat matching can be attributed to African-American cultureRead MoreThe Hip Hop Culture Essay2107 Words   |  9 Pagestremendously significant role. Hip hop is a form of art which can be expressed through rap songs, break-dancing, and graffiti art. The culture has become so popular that it has entered today’s fashion and modern language. Hip hop music is an extremely large part of today’s generation and a global genre, which influences the generation all over the world. The culture has entered everywhere from TV commercials to toys, video games, and also fashion industry. â€Å"Hip hop has been America’s most wantedRead MoreThe Importance Of Rap Music1843 Words   |  8 Pagesmind, like when you’re stressed or just having a bad day. Rap music was invented in the 1970s in Bronx, NY and started out with DJs and MCs (â€Å"Rap as A Positive Influence†). Rap has changed a lot over time. The roots of rap music are closely linked to reggae music, jazz, blues, and soul which gives the genre a lot of culture (â€Å"The Social Significance Of Rap†). Rap means a lot more than just rapping about drugs, sex, and violence. Rap can be a voice of the voiceless. Politicians see rap as a way for teens

The European Conflicts With Napoleon Bonaparte Of France

During the European conflicts with Napoleon Bonaparte of France, England would become a significant factor in the conflicts at sea due to the extensive Royal Navy. While France’s population was significant, France lacked the financial stability and the maritime vessels to effectively gain control in order to defeat Great Britain. The conflict between England and France was a major catalyst for the eventual War of 1812. In their seafaring battles, both England and France attempted to restrict supplies from reaching the other’s enemy. In this effort, both countries blocked the United States from trading with the other. This is specifically noted as England passed the Orders in Council. An additional sea related conflict involved England and France commandeering American vessels. England, in an act known as impressment, would also remove sailors from captured American vessels and force them to serve with the Royal Navy or face imprisonment. While Jefferson’s failed Embargo Act followed by the Non-Intercourse Act had already significantly impacted sea trade, it was the general belief of the new nation that England was to blame for the hardships encountered due to trade restrictions. Another formidable component of the War of 1812 was a group of Americans eager to declare war on England who would become known as the War Hawks. This politically charged group was motivated for war in order to increase land expansion for the United States through the acquisition of Canada. ThereShow MoreRelatedNapoleon Bonaparte A Hero Or A Villain?1624 Words   |  7 Pagesin the fact that Napoleon Bonaparte was a significant character in France. However, there have been debates among historians for years around the central question: â€Å"Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain?† The answer here relies on how one looks upon the situation. Was Napoleon Bonaparte a savior to the French, or was he a tyrant to the French? Although many historians’ answers do rely deeply onto perspective, their answers also lie within which stage of life Napoleon Bonaparte was in, as wellRead MoreNapoleon s Position As The Leader Of France1188 Words   |  5 PagesThe French Revoluti on marked a significant shift in the status of not only France but also Europe and the world as an entirety. In a period of uproar and uncertainty, the people of France saw themselves without a specific leader to alter the status of the country. By taking full control of almost every aspect of the country, Napoleon Bonaparte s position as the leader of France saw significant changes in the army, economic and social positions of the once powerful nation. In his rapidRead MoreNapoleon Bonapartes Position as a Great Man764 Words   |  3 PagesHistory has witnessed many great men who rose above their ordinary life and filled this position such as Napoleon Bonaparte. On June 18th 1815 in the town of Waterloo, Belgium, the Anglo-Allied forces and French army demonstrated their power under the command of Duke of Wellington and with leadership from Napoleon Bonaparte known as the Battle of Waterloo. After his return to France, Bonaparte assembled his infamous French army 72 000 men and proceed to attack the Anglo-Allied Forces of 118 000Read MoreNapoleon Bonaparte And The French Revolution1481 Words   |  6 Pages Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who was determined and had strong ambition the helped him conquer most of Europe in just 30 years. He rapidly rose to power through promotions during the French revolution (1789-1799). After gaining power in France he crowned himself the emperor in 1804. He was an ambitious and skillful militant how staged war against various coalitions of European nations and expanded the French empire howeverRead Moredomestic and foreign policies of Napoleon Bonaparte1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdown and going against the kings orders. They ended up killing the king and queen, and that is when Napoleon Bonaparte eventually came into the picture as a new leader after assassinating Maximilien Robespierre. In 1797, by the help of Pope Pius VII, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consulate. During his time as a leader of France, Napoleon appeared in some respects to be an enlightened ruler like his Civil Code, him ending feudalism, centralizingRead MoreEssay on Napoleon Bonapartes Life and Accomplishments1088 Words   |  5 Pagesprofound, Napoleon Bonaparte would one day control an empire that spanned across Europe and Asia, but he would not stop there, for Napoleon would seek to establish the e ntire world as his empire. The hard-fought wars Napoleon Bonaparte faced upon this conquest coupled with the naval prowess of the English would present a formidable challenge for Napoleon and had he not been stopped at Trafalgar, the world just may have become something completely different than we know it today. Napoleon BuonaparteRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte And The French Revolution1189 Words   |  5 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte is remembered as a more significant ruler who redefined the history of not only France but also Europe, and the world at large. Interestingly, he went about realizing his objectives by both continuing and breaking from the aims of the revolutionary predecessors. His battleground was critical to determine his prowess by either supporting or opposing the path that had been laid before him. Napoleon made tremendous contributions towards changing the political structure of FranceRead MoreLouisiana Purchase And The Louisiana1535 Words   |  7 Pagesin the history of the United States of America. Additionally, the Louisiana Purchase was made for many important reasons, and was influenced by certain factors. Without the help and guidance of important influential people and countries, war and conflict, and exploration and discovery, the Louisiana Purchase may not have be en as important is it is today, or may not have even been made. First of all, the Louisiana Purchase was guided along and influenced by certain people. These people were veryRead MoreEssay on Napoleon: A Leader Or Dictator.614 Words   |  3 Pages Napoleon: A Leader or Dictator. There are never ending inquiries on the nature of Napoleonic power. But reason can prove to one that the Age of Napoleon was infact a time of democratic rule. Through Political, Social, and Economical reforms, Napoleon Bonaparte did not only transcend France, but he changed the course of history for Europe and the World today. To begin, Napoleon proved himself a democratic leader thorough many Political reforms. In 1798-99, Napoleon, with the directorys blessingRead MoreHow Far Does Luck Explain the Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte?3147 Words   |  13 Pagesfall of Napoleon Bonaparte? Napoleon Bonaparte like many others rose to prominence during the turbulent times of the French revolution- he was therefore lucky to have been born at such a time in to justify his advancing position. However his reputation as a skilled tactician and strategist enabled him to initially capitalize on the reforms of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. Napoleon Bonaparte emerged as an important figure for re-establishing order in France and initially

The Creation Of New Inventions - 974 Words

If people are the same, can the creation of new inventions come into existence? How can society and individuals improve if there are no differences? In fact, innovation comes from the mind, but the uniqueness of people has led to these creations. Ever since the first incandescent lightbulb to the present age of rockets and computers, these inventions are what have helped society progress forward into a new era of life. However, how can people comprehend that a single person has created a complex innovation? To explain, a quote describing how to succeed in inventing while facing several obstacles is the analogy of â€Å"‘the confrontation between the stream and the rock, the stream always wins, not through strength but by perseverance’† (â€Å"A quote by H. Jackson Brown Jr.†). Going into detail, to overcome an obstacle does not mean physical strength is necessary to succeed, but through mental qualities is where success truly appears. For instance, making m istakes on a test can motivate a person to persevere and improve on the exam. Nevertheless, its creation comes from individuals, but not all humans can invent a revolutionizing innovation. Why? The characteristics of a person are how an invention is born. Inventors, such as Thomas Edison, did not revolutionize the world by sheer strength, but by their mental capabilities to achieve what they wanted to present to the world. That is their persona. People’s persona shows the aspect of their character and the presentation of who theyShow MoreRelatedThe Building Of Cultures By R. B. Dixon989 Words   |  4 PagesIn the chapter â€Å"Discovery and Invention†, he takes note to separate creation and discovery (conception) according to â€Å"purpose†, suggesting the two occur as a sequence: (accidental) conception, then (purposeful) creation. He then goes on to discuss the factors of each in detail. Conception is made up of identification, opportunity, and imagination t hat is appreciated. Invention is either â€Å"directional† or accidental, distinguished as being an improvement or entirely new(He borrows from the sociologistsRead MoreIntellectual Property And Technology : The Real World : Legal Matters Sweet As Candy1071 Words   |  5 Pagestalented inventor’s creations were constantly under seize by his competitors, specifically Mr. Slugworth, Mr. Fickelgruber, and Mr. Prodnose. Wonka went to extreme measures to ensure his trade secrets, creations, and technologies were kept safe from his competitors. The amount of effort put into protecting his secrets was incredibly overworked. The challenges Willy Wonka faced in protecting his secrets are literary example of the real world obstacles inventors face with their creations. In today’s technologicalRead MoreThe Invention Of The Incandescent Light Bulb By Thomas Alva Edison1540 Words   |  7 PagesAlva Edison was a renowned American inventor of the nineteenth century who has contributed greatly to the world. Edison is most famously known for his invention of the incandescent light bulb, but many people are blind to his other achievements that have contributed immensely to society. There was more to Thomas Edison than his numerous inventions. Paul B. Israel, Director and General Editor of the Thomas A. Edison Papers at Rutgers, describes Edison as a â€Å"symbol of mythic American past in whichRead MoreEthics And Intellectual Property Of Intellectual Properties1217 Words   |  5 PagesProperty When discussing a creation or idea, the creator of such concept must be rewarded. This must be the case for any situation. 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Development Of Restful Mashup Application -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development Of Restful Mashup Application? Answer: Introduction As the GE has decided to use the SOA therefore it is important to determine the computing, storage infrastructure design management, data as well as application integration to have a unified view of the data collected from multiple data sources and are stored in different formats. The different sections of this report consist of discussion about the probable solutions for the storage design, data integrations that will help them in improving the processes that requires data collected from sources. Computing and storage infrastructure design As the organization is operating at different locations and requires a distributed computing and storage solution for all its IT needs. Thus, considering cost and effectiveness of different solutions it can be stated that, the organization should use rented services from the cloud services. The reasons behind this can be stated as the storage and the computing power of public clouds are available on internet. In addition to that, the service providers provide technical expertise for the deployment thus in other words the public clouds are easy to deploy. The public cloud service providers operate at quite good speed due to the optimization provided by the providers, which is also alluring to some enterprises. Thus require lesser amount of time is required for deployment. The services as well as resources are accessible quickly that saves time for the organization which may be required to develop and deploy the private cloud solution. In addition to that the adoption of the public cloud for the organization frees the organization from the responsibilities of maintaining the software and hardware systems. This maintenance is managed by the service providers. The IT staffs of the organization does not have to manage the cloud framework. No long term agreements are required for service providers. Most of the cloud service providers provides their services depending on the pay-as-you-go models. Thus the operation have to pay according to their usage of computing resources and storage. In addition to that, the organization will get more resources whenever they require it for their business. Thus the public gives the organization more flexibility to the organizations to manage the resources and storage as per their requirement. With all this advantage there are certain issues that needs to be kept in mind while renting some public cloud service. One of the most important issues that should be checked is the reliability of the services. As the data centres of the service providers are less secure compared to the private clouds. Application/service integration The organizations consist of numerous applications or systems that are used by different departments of the organization, which provides different services required every day the organization relies upon to complete their day to day business operations. This applications or systems may be licensed from a third party vendor or developed in-house. Thus, integration of this system or applications are important in better coordination of different operations of different departments of the organization. Mashups are one of the best example of application integration on the internet. This type of web application is capable of bringing together numerous sources of data in order to form and represent some unique combination of meaningful data. In this project a google map mash up application is developed which will help in finding and plotting marker on the location of the clinics that are provided in the merged data source clinic_location.csv. The RESTful web service will be responsible for retrieving a Json object containing the location details as well as other details about a clinic in a specific region. This mashup application will use ajax calls in order to mark the location using a marker on the google map. In order to map a specific location on the google map, it is important to know the specific longitude and latitude of that area or location. This mash up or integrated applications are important for following reasons, Interoperability- It is the most important aspect of the application integration. Various modules of the employed infrastructure may be deployed on different data formats, operating systems as well as programing languages thus may prevent connection for other services using a standard interface. Data integration for the different applications or systems- For any distributed, and modular system used in the organization, a standard process for handling the data flow between different applications is important as it enforces consistency across the database or the format of the data that is used by different applications. Stability, Scalability and Robustness- This three attributes acts as vital factors that impacts on the performance of the system modules that holds the infrastructure. The integration of the applications must be stable, robust as well as scalable to meet the requirements of the organization. Information integration Presently there are mainly three approaches are used for data integration. Which are, schema integration, procedural approach and lastly the query oriented approach. In case of the schema integration based approach, input to this process is a pool of data sets. Every data set is constituted by actual data and a schema that defines the structure of the dataset. The main goal is to deliver a reconciled and unified view of the collected data from the different sources. This process does not interfere into the autonomy of the datasets as well as their sources. This process deals with the read-only integration of the data. Therefore, this a reconciled view of the unified dataset is only used for answering user queries and not for updating the records. In case of the procedural approach, data collected from different sources are integrated in an ad-hoc manner according to the set of predefined information needs of an organization or user. In procedural approach the integration of data is dependent on the two components mediators and wrappers. Wrappers are useful in encapsulating the sources of the data. In addition to that it also helps in the conversion of the core data objects into some common data model. The mediators are required in obtaining information from a single or multiple wrappers. The mediators can obtain or extract data from other mediators. After this stage the mediators refines the obtained information by resolving conflicts among the different pieces of information collected from numerous data sources. The refined data is then provided to either to the other mediators or to the users. The last approach is query-oriented approach. In this approach, the goal is modeling of the collected data at the sources by using some suitable language. This can be extended SQL or some kind of declarative logic-based language. In order to build a unified representation or view of the collected data and refer to such a demonstration at the time of querying any global information system. In addition to that deriving query answers by using some suitable mechanisms to access accessing the data sources or to the materialized views of the unified data. Demo introduction For this project there are two data files (clinic.csv and another is location.xml) are available that needs to be cleaned, merged and integrated to get some meaningful data. As two data files are in different formats. Therefore, we used xml, sys and Petl packages in Python. We first converted the xml file into csv data set so that it can be used with clinic.csv file. We used following code snippet for this conversion of the dataset. import petl as etl from xml.dom import minidom, Node import sys def scanNode(node, file=sys.stdout, level = 0): if node.hasChildNodes(): for child in node.childNodes: scanNode(child, file, level + 1) else: if node.nodeValue.strip() != "": file.write(node.nodeValue + ',') if node.nodeType == Node.ELEMENT_NODE: if node.hasAttributes(): file.write(node.attributes.item(0).nodeValue + ',') if level == 2: file.write("n") DOMTree = minidom.parse('locations.xml') file = open('locations1.csv', 'w') file.write("Name,Suburb,Lat,Lonn") scanNode(DOMTree, file) file.close() table1=etl.fromcsv('locations1.csv') print (table1) table2=etl.fromcsv('clinics.csv') print (table2) table=etl.join(table1,table2,key='Suburb') print (table) etl.tocsv(table,'clinic_locations1.csv') after the merger the cleaned data looks like following, In order to get results from the RESTful web service demo, at first we have to execute the clinic locator.py program using any python IDE so that the web service can retrieve the data from the clinic_locations.csv data file. The successful execution of the web service server is shown below, After the web service is started, mashup application needs to be launched which is the clinic_map.html. on this page the user needs to input a postal code in which they want to find the clinic. If the web service finds any matching data in the merged csv file that consist the similar postal code, then the web service returns a JSON data object to the mashup application which then consumed by the application to plot a marker on the google map. Conclusion The system and data integration is important in the present scenario for the organizations and users as this integration of applications are helpful in providing a unified view of the data collected from numerous sources and formats. The web service application and the mashup application developed in this project is helpful in providing a unified view about the different details of the clinic on the map. References Erlingsson, U., Xie, Y., Livshits, B. and Fournet, C., Microsoft Corp, accounting.Enhanced security and performance of web applications. U.S. Patent 8,677,141. Lin, H.Y. and Huang, J.L., 2014, August. A Web API Aggregation Service for Mobile Mashup Applications. InIntelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP), 2014 Tenth International Conference on(pp. 73-76). IEEE. Zhang, F., Hwang, K., Khan, S.U. and Malluhi, Q.M., 2016. Skyline discovery and composition of multi-cloud mashup services.IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,9(1), pp.72-83.